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- A Brief History of CT Scan and MRI
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All About CT Scan of the Sinuses
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Computed Tomography Scanning Computed Tomography imaging (CT scan) was invented in 1972 by British engineer Sir Godfrey Hounsfield of EMI Laboratories, England and by South Africa-born physicist Allan Cormack of Tufts University , Massachusetts . Hounsfield and Cormack were later awarded the Nobel Prize for their contributions to medicine and science. The first clinical CT scanners were installed in 1974. Initially dedicated to head imaging, CT of the rest of the body became widely available by 1980. Dr. Ben Adapon brought the first CT to Southeast Asia in 1978. There are now approximately 6,000 CTs in the U.S. and 30,000 installed worldwide. The first CT took several hours to acquire the raw data for a single "slice" and days to reconstruct a single image. The latest multi-slice CT systems can collect 64 to 320 slices of data and reproduce an image in under a second. After 30 years, CT has improved in speed, patient comfort, resolution and R and D has made unsurpassed image quality for diagnosis at the lowest possible radiation dose. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has advantages in that it is non-invasive, using non-ionising radiation. It provides morphological and functional information. The first successful (NMR) experiment was made in 1946 by two different scientists in the United States. Felix Bloch, working at Stanford University, and Edward Purcell, from Harvard University, found that nuclei placed in a magnetic field absorb energy and re-emit this energy when the returned to their original state. Sir Joseph Larmor (Irish physicist 1857-1942) identified the relationship between spins and the strength of the magnetic field, which was the basis of producing the image. With this discovery NMR spectroscopy was born. Bloch and Purcell were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1952. In the late '60s and early '70s Raymond Damadian, an American medical doctor at the State University of New York in Brooklyn, demonstrated that a NMR tissue parameter (termed T1 relaxation time) of tumor samples, measured in vitro, was significantly higher than normal tissue. Damadian used this and other NMR tissue parameters not for imaging but for tissue characterization (i.e., separating benign from malignant tissue). This has remained the Holy Grail of NMR. His description of relaxation time changes in cancer tissue was one of the main impetuses for the introduction of NMR into medicine. On the 16th March 1973 a short paper was published in Nature entitled "Image formation by induced local interaction; examples employing magnetic resonance." The author was Paul Lauterbur, a Professor of Chemistry at the State University of New York at Stony Brook. MRI diagnostic imaging took off. |
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